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Warnings of a Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor were ignored for almost 30 years
The day after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said that the United States was suddenly attacked, but many historians point to three decades of ignored warnings leading up to the act of warfare carried out on Dec. 7, 1941.
HONOLULU - When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, killing 2,400 Americans and injuring an additional 1,200, it became one of the worst attacks ever carried out on American soil or as President Franklin D. Roosevelt said in his December 8, 1941 speech, "a date which will live in infamy".
"Since the War of 1812, no foreign power had carried out so devastating an attack on American soil, and virtually all Americans reacted to this one with shock, disbelief, and outrage," wrote University of Maryland historian Gary Gerstle.
On the 81st anniversary, here is a look back at the timeline of events that led up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
1937
July: At the lead of Prince Fumimaro Kanoe, Japan invades North China.
1940
July: In an attempt to halt Japanese military expansion in Asia, the U.S. imposes trade sanctions and then an embargo on oil, which reduced Japan's oil imports by 90 percent. This effectively crippled Japan's ability to push on in offensive war efforts in the long term.
RELATED: 3 decades of warnings of an inevitable Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor went unheeded
September: The U.S. cracks the Japanese code and begins decoding all diplomatic messages.
1941
January: Japanese officers begin discussing a possible attack on Pearl Harbor.
Pearl Harbor naval base and U.S.S. Shaw ablaze. (U.S. Navy via Library of Congress)
Jan. 27: After learning of Japanese plans to carry out a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. ambassador to Japan Joseph C. Grew wires Washington with the information, but no one believes him. Senior U.S. military experts believe any potential attack would be carried out in Asia.
November: Japan sends Ambassador Kichisaburo Nomura to Washington as a special envoy to discuss potential diplomatic solutions with the U.S.
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Doris Miller manned a machine gun and returned fire during the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. An African American was not allowed to man a gun in the Navy at the time.
Nov. 16: Japanese submarines depart for Pearl Harbor in preparation of a possible attack.
Nov. 26: A final attempt at diplomacy on the part of the Japanese is rejected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japanese aircraft carriers and escorts depart for Pearl Harbor in response.
Nov. 27: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues a war warning for the Pacific, which is largely ignored in Hawaii.
Captured Japanese photograph of the bombing of Pearl Harbor army base. Dec. 7, 1941.
Dec. 6: U.S. intelligence decodes a crucial message pointing to the next morning as a deadline for an undetermined Japanese action. The message is delivered to Washington's high command more than four hours ahead of the attack on Pearl Harbor, but the message is not forwarded to U.S. commanders in Honolulu.
Dec. 7, 7:02 a.m. local time: Two U.S. radar operators identify large groups of aircraft in flight toward the island of Oahu from the north. Because they were expecting a flight of B-17s from the U.S. at any moment, they do not sound an alarm.
The U.S.S. California is hit during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (U.S. Navy via Library of Congress)
Dec. 7, 7:55 a.m. local time: A swarm of Japanese warplanes descends on Honolulu, attacking ships in Pearl Harbor, as well as air stations at Hickam, Wheeler, Ford Island, Kaneohe and Ewa Field. The attack lasts for two hours and 20 minutes.
When the attack is finally over, 18 ships and more than 300 aircraft have been destroyed or damaged. More than 2,400 Americans were killed, and an additional 1,200 wounded.
Speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt to Congress on Dec. 8, 1941. (Library of Congress)
Dec. 8: President Roosevelt addresses Congress, and his address is broadcast via radio to the American public. Roosevelt asks Congress for a declaration of war against Japan, which Congress approves.
This story was reported from Los Angeles.
Editor’s note: A version of this article was published on Dec. 6, 2021.